Physics Calculators

Density from mass and volume, or its inverse for any material.

Newton's second law — force, mass, and acceleration.

Maximum static friction force from coefficient and normal force.

Kinetic friction force from kinetic coefficient and normal force.

Tangential velocity, centripetal acceleration, and centripetal force in circular motion.

Tangential (linear) speed of a particle moving along a circular path.

Center-directed acceleration of an object moving in a circular path.

Inward force required to keep a body in circular motion.

Orbital period from semi-major axis via Kepler's third law.

Kinematic equations for one-dimensional motion under constant acceleration.

Electrostatic force between two point charges.

Frequency shift for a moving source or receiver in the Doppler effect.

Mass-energy equivalence for any rest mass.

Minimum velocity to escape the gravitational pull of a planet or star.

Gravitational acceleration at the surface of any planet or moon.

Gravitational force between two masses (Newton's law of universal gravitation).

Gravitational acceleration, force, and Kepler's third law equations bundle.

Spring restoring force and potential energy for a Hookean spring.

Impulse, momentum, and the impulse-momentum theorem.

Average force from change in momentum and contact time.

Linear momentum from mass and velocity.

Connect average force × contact time to the change in linear momentum.

Orbital period and semi-major axis relationship for any two-body system.

Translational kinetic energy from mass and velocity.

Thin lens and mirror equation for object distance, image distance, and focal length.

Moment of force about a pivot point — solve for force, distance, or moment.

Net force, mass, and acceleration via Newton's second law of motion.

Simple and physical pendulum period, length, and moment of inertia equations bundle.

Period of a simple pendulum from length and gravitational acceleration.

Pendulum length required for a target period.

Gravitational potential energy from mass, height, and gravitational acceleration.

Power from work over time or from force and velocity.

Power as work done per unit time.

Instantaneous power from force and the velocity of its application.

Range, max height, time of flight, and horizontal/vertical components of projectile motion.

Number of remaining nuclei, activity, and mass for radioactive decay.

Half-life of a radioactive isotope from its decay constant.

Remaining quantity of a radioactive isotope after a given decay time.

Decay activity (Becquerels or curies) for a radioactive sample.

Mean lifetime of a radioactive nucleus from decay constant or half-life.

Refraction of light at the boundary between two transparent media.

Sound intensity, sound pressure level, and distance attenuation equations bundle.

Sound wave speed from frequency and wavelength.

Sound intensity level in decibels from measured and reference intensity.

Specific gravity from density relative to water.

Specific volume from total volume and mass, or density inverse.

Terminal velocity of a small sphere settling through a viscous fluid.

Stress, strain, and Young's modulus from force, area, and length change.

Torque from force times lever arm, or moment of inertia times angular acceleration.

Convert between wavelength, frequency, period, and wave speed.

Weight from mass and gravitational acceleration (Earth or other planet).

Peak emission wavelength of a blackbody at a given temperature (Wien's displacement law).

Aerodynamic lift from air density, velocity, wing area, and lift coefficient.

Mechanical work done by a force over a distance.